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Curious kids or parents at test ЁЯШ▓-Part 9 (Nurturing reading habit)

In my last blog we just saw how my kiddo started handling encyclepedia since the age of 2 years and how reading hour became our favorite pastime.

Slowly this picture watching game converted into question answer sessions. Now instead of merely reciting captions of the pictures my kiddo started asking “Mamma, what is nebula??” “What do you mean by tornado” “what does this train do?” 

Being a commerce student I didn’t know answers to many of his questions. But I would typically read the information from the encyclepedia and tell the same to my kiddo in easy language. If that was not sufficient I would google or would ask someone.

Gradually my kiddo started telling stories of nebulas, hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanoes, solar system, trains to all of us. 

Me and my kiddo were regular visitors to the books fairs and book shops. In one of such fairs I found one more trove of treasure – it was a set of books with names “From oil to petrol”, “From milk to cheese” “From shoot to apple” and “From wheat to bread”. They were very small books of around 25 pages consisting of good illustrations and short description in 1-2 sentences about the process. These books were the turning point. The teacher had just started teaching different types of words with phonetics in school. But my kiddo had enjoyed these books so much that he attempted to read these books on his own. From Oil to Petrol was the first ever book my kiddo read independently. Wherever he would stumble he would ask “how to read this word Mamma?” Eventually he started reading even complicated words. Soon he started reading all the books.

Considering his liking we amassed encyclopedia on various topics like Mighty machines, Space, Mother Earth, Oceans, Human Body, Explorers tales, Backyard Scientist over a period of time. He was crazy about Titanic. So we collected many books and stories on Titanic. 1001 days which changed the history of the world was his another favorite. In school he came across Gerenimo Stilton. This is the only fiction where my kiddo was attracted. So we had Gerenimo Stilton series books as well.

From our journey all I am trying to suggest is try to judge the inclination of your kid and try to collect books accordingly. Your kid may like fiction or fairy tales or comics or superheroes or adventures. Give them what they like. It is just possible that your kid may not like reading at all. But what’s the harm in trying??

In my previous blog we read the first mantra that was to start early and spend quality time with your kid. My second mantra is judge the inclination of your kid and try to collect books on topics your kid enjoys the most. Do not rely entirely on the typical books available books meant for kids. My third mantra is when we are starting the books from early age concentrate on attractiveness of illustrations rather than written content. Correctness of written content needs to be ensured. But little kids get attracted by attractive pictures rather than written content. Initially books with attractive illustrations and brief information are sufficient.

Today is a digital age and mobiles and internet videos are in vogue. Read my next blog to find out whether invasions by mobiles and internet on books were successful.

To read my other blogs visit www.kinfolkclub.com or

https://motherlab.blogspot.com

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Know more about Japan

Till now we learned about working with Japanese, Japanese translation and interpretation techniques. Now the time has come to know about their country, the land where sun rises first.

When we speak a word JAPAN, our imagination restricts to short height, hardworking people, sumo wrestlers and one of the developed country, for seniors it might be movie тАЬLove in TokyoтАЭ тАж but it is not only that. NIPPONцЧецЬм known to world as тАЬJAPANтАЭ is land of rising sun. A beautiful country with warm people having a very high standard of living, highly developed country with all advanced technologies, everything which todayтАЩs gen is looking for.

Glimpses of Japan:

1)      Japanese language is written in 3 basic scripts; Hiragana, Katakana, Kanji. Native Japanese script Hiragana and Katakana are 46 characters each, while 2000 kanji simplified from Chinese characters are also in common use in Japan. Kanji can be read in two ways: The Chinese way, onyomi (щЯ│шкнуБ┐), and the Japanese way, kunyomi (шиУшкнуБ┐).

Generally, in Japan newspaper, magazines, comics are written vertically from right to left.

2)      Yen is the currency of Japan. Our finance guys might be aware it is 3rd strongest currency in foreign exchange trade followed by Dollar and Euro.

3)      Earlier TOKYO TOWER (333m height) was tallest tower in Japan, but now itтАЩs SKYTREE (634m height) tallest tower in world (I visited TOKYO TOWER in 2009 and SKYTREE in 2013 ЁЯШГ).

4)      Did you ever hear a highway passing from building? Yes, itтАЩs in Osaka. 5th, 6th, 7th floor of 16F building are blocked as highway is passing from that building. Gate Tower Building, is the first building to have a highway pass through it (I once got chance to pass through this highway. Structure is out of imagination ЁЯШГ).

5)      Kobe bridge is the longest bridge (it has the longest central span of any suspension bridge in the worldтАжsource Wikipedia)

6)      Sakura(цбЬ) national flower of Japan blossom from March end till April end, period varies by region and weather. The blossom is only for 2-3 days and generally Japanese celebrate those 2-3 days as cherry blossom viewing party (hanami шК▒шжЛ). Japanese are especially fond of this flower. Hence, the Sakura tree is planted nationwide. Sakura flower is stamped on 100-yen coin. Also, Sakura is printed on traditional Japanese textile. Not only that but тАЬSakura-sakuraтАЭ is the well-known Japanese song taught in elementary school.

7)      Mount Fuji 3,776m tall. Japanese believe that if you are lucky you climb mount Fuji at least once in your life. (I have been to Japan for several times; visited various places and monuments but still not got chance to climb mount FUJI ЁЯШЮ).

8)      Where can you see 7 wonders of the world at one place? ItтАЩs in Tobu World Square, Tochigi. Replica of 7 wonders and famous sculptures are displayed in this theme park. (I once visited Tobu World Square, but due to time constraint I could see only few of them).

9)      Premium Friday concept: As Japanese people are hard workers and due to tremendous work pressure suicide percentage is also high in Japan, so recently the Japanese Government has introduced a concept called тАЬPremium FridayтАЭ, which is last Friday of every month. In this, companies encourage employees to end work by 3:00pm and start weekend early for enjoying with family and friends.

10)   National sport: Sumo, national flower: Cherry blossom (Sakura), national fruit: Kaki, two top-ranking universities in Japan: University of Tokyo and Kyoto University, famous Japanese food: sushi, tempura, ramen, udon, soba, miso soup, yakitori, okonomiyaki, kare raisu (curry with rice), onigiri, gyudon, katsudon, green tea.

Actually there is lot more to say┬аЁЯШГтАж

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рдореА рдордВрдбрдИ – рдЕрд░реНрдерд╛рдд рдордВрдбрдИрдЪреЗ рдордиреЛрдЧрдд

рд╕реБрдиреАрд▓ рджреЗрд╢рдкрд╛рдВрдбреЗ рд╕рд╛рдпрдВрдХрд╛рд│реА рел рд╡рд╛рдЬрддрд╛ рдореЛрдЯрд░рд╕рд╛рдпрдХрд▓ рд╡рд░реВрди рдмрд╛рд▓рд╛рдЬреА рдХрд┐рд░рд╛рдгрд╛ рдорд╛рд▓рд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рджреБрдХрд╛рдирд╛рдкрд╛рд╢реА рдЖрд▓рд╛. рдиреЗрд╣рдореА рдкреНрд░рдорд╛рдгреЗ рдЧрд╛рдбреА рд▓рд╛рд╡рд▓реА. рдЗрдХрдбреЗ рддрд┐рдХрдбреЗ рдкрд╣рд╛рдд рдорд╛рдЭреНрдпрд╛ рджрд┐рд╢реЗрдиреЗ рдпрд╛рдпрд▓рд╛ рд╕реБрд░реБрд╡рд╛рдд рдХреЗрд▓реА.
рдЕрд░реЗрдЪреНрдпрд╛, рдиреЗрд╣рдореА рд╕рдХрд╛рд│ рд╕рдХрд╛рд│ рдордВрдбрдИ рдХрд░рдгрд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕реБрдиреАрд▓ рдЖрдЬ рдЪрдХреНрдХ рд╕рдВрдзреНрдпрд╛рдХрд╛рд│реА? рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдмрд╛рдд рд╣реИ? рдХреБрда function рд▓рд╛ рдЧреЗрд▓рд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рдХрд╛рдп? рдХреБрдгрд╛рд╕ рдард╛рдКрдХ.
рдкрдг рдЖрдЬ рдПрдХ рдПрдХ рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ рдШреЗрддрд╛рдирд╛, рддреНрдпрд╛рдЪрд╛ рднрд╛рд╡ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рд▓реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░ рд╕реБрдиреАрд▓рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЪреЗрд╣рд░реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░ рдХрд╛рдп рднрд╛рд╡ рдЙрдордЯрдгрд╛рд░ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд, рдпрд╛ рдХрд▓реНрдкрдиреЗрдиреЗ рдорд▓рд╛ рд╣рд╕реВ рдЖрд▓реЗ.
рдирд╛рд░рд│ рд╕рдЧрд│реНрдпрд╛рдд рдЫреЛрдЯрд╛ рддреАрд╕ рд░реБрдкрдпреЗ рдЭрд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛. рдкрд╛рд╡рдЧреА рд╡рд░реНрдЧрдорд┐рддреНрд░. рдХрд╛рдп рдХрд░рдгрд╛рд░? рдШреЗрддрд▓рд╛ рдПрдХ рдирд╛рд░рд│ рдкрдбрдХреНрдпрд╛ рдЪреЗрд╣рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреЗ.
рдХреЛрдгрддреАрдЪ рднрд╛рдЬреА рд╡реАрд╕ рд░реВрдкрдпреЗ рдкрд╛рд╡рдкреЗрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХрдореА рдирд╛рд╣реА. рдЕрдкрд░реАрд╣рд╛рд░реНрдпрддрд╛ рд╡ рдЕрдЧрддрд┐рдХрддрд╛ рдардкрдХрдд рд╣реЛрддреА рддреНрдпрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЪреЗрд╣рд▒реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░реВрди. рдкрдг рд╕реНрд╡рдд: рд╢реАрдЪ рдкреБрдЯрдкреБрдЯрд▓рд╛ рдХрд╛рдп рдХрд░рддрд╛ рдЖрдбрд▓рд╛ рдирд╛рд░рд╛рдпрдгтАж.. рд╡ рдирд┐рдШрд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╢реЗрд╡рдЯрдЪреНрдпрд╛ item рдХрдбреЗ. рдЬрдб рдЕрд╕рддреЛ рдирд╛ рддреЛ item.
рддреЗрдереЗ рдорд╛рддреНрд░ рдХрд│рд╕ рдЭрд╛рд▓рд╛. рдЬрдгреВ рдХрд╛рд╣реА рд╕рдВрдпрдорд╛рдЪрд╛ рдмрд╛рдВрдз рдлреБрдЯрд▓рд╛. рдХрд╛рдВрджрд╛! рдПрдХ рдХрд┐рд▓реЛ рджреНрдпрд╛. рджреБрдХрд╛рдирджрд╛рд░рд╛рдиреЗ рджрд┐рд▓реЗ, рдпрд╛рдиреЗ рдШреЗрддрд▓реЗ рдиреЗрд╣рдореАрдкреНрд░рдорд╛рдгреЗ. резрежреж рд░реВрдкрдпреЗ рдЭрд╛рд▓реЗ. рдХрд╛рдп? рд╕реБрдиреАрд▓рд▓рд╛ рдЕрдВрдЧрд╛рд╡рд░ рдкрд╛рд▓ рдкрдбрд▓реНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рд░рдЦреЗ рдЭрд╛рд▓реЗ. рдШреНрдпрд╛рд╡реЗ рддрд░ рдорди рдзрдЬрд╛рд╡реЗрдирд╛, рдкрд░рдд рдХрд░рд╛рд╡реЗ рддрд░ рдордзреНрдпрдорд╡рд░реНрдЧреАрдп рднрд┐рдбрд╕реНрдд рднрд┐рддреНрд░реЗрдкрдгрд╛ рдЖрдбрд╡рд╛ рдЖрд▓рд╛.
рдкрдг рд╕реБрдиреАрд▓рдЪрд╛ рддреЛ рдЪреЗрд╣рд░рд╛ рдкрд╛рд╣реВрди рдард░рд╡рд▓ рдЪрд▓рд╛ рдЕрддрд╛ рдпрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛рд╢реА рдереЛрдб рдмреЛрд▓рд▓ рдкрд╛рд╣рд┐рдЬреЗ.
рдХрд╛рдп рдЖрдЬ рд╕рдВрдзреНрдпрд╛рдХрд╛рд│реА рдпреЗрдгреЗ рдХреЗрд▓реЗ?
рдирд╛рд╣реА рджреБрдкрд╛рд░реА рдЬрд░рд╛ рдмрд╛рд╣реЗрд░ рдЬреЗрд╡рд╛рдпрд▓рд╛ рдЧреЗрд▓реЛ рд╣реЛрддреЛ Barbecue Nation рдордзреЗ. рд╕реБрдиреАрд▓ рдЙрд╡рд╛рдЪ.
рдХрд╛рдп? рдХрд╕ рдЭрд╛рд▓реЗ рдордЧ рджреБрдкрд╛рд░рдЪреЗ Barbecue Nation рдордзреАрд▓ рдЬреЗрд╡рдг?
рдЕрд░реЗ рд╡рд╛, рдорд╕реНрддрдЪ рдЭрд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреА. рдЗрддрд┐ рд╕реБрдиреАрд▓.
рдХрд╛рдп рд░реЗрдЯ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд рд░реЗ рд╕рдзреНрдпрд╛? рдорд╣рд╛рдЧ рдЖрд╣реЗ рдЬрд░рд╛. резрежрежреж рд░реВрдкрдпреЗ рдкрд░ рдкрд░реНрд╕рди. рдкрдг Worth рдЖрд╣реЗ. рд╕реБрдиреАрд▓рдиреЗ рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯреАрдХрд░рдг рджрд┐рд▓реЗ.
рдЕрд░реЗ рд╡рд╛, рдПрдХрд╡реЗрд│рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЬреЗрд╡рдгрд╛рдЪреЗ рд╣рдЬрд╛рд░ рд░реВрдкрдпреЗ Worth? рд╡ рдорд╣рд┐рдиреНрдпрд╛рдЪреА рдХреБрдЯреБрдВрдмрд╛рдЪреА рдордВрдбрдИ резрежрежреж рд░реВрдкрдпреЗ рдорд╣рд╛рдЧ? рдХреБрдЫ рд╣рдЬрдо рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рдпрд╛рд░.
рдмрд╣реБрддреЗрдХ рддреНрдпрд╛рдЪреЗ рдбреЛрд│реЗ рдЪрдордХрд▓реЗ.
рдереЛрдбрд╛ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рд╛рдд рдкрдг рдкрдбрд▓рд╛.
рдмрд╣реБрддреЗрдХ Thanks рд╣реА рдкреБрдЯрдкреБрдЯрд▓рд╛.
рдорд▓рд╛ рд╕рдЧрд│реНрдпрд╛рдВрдирд╛ рд╕рд╛рдВрдЧрд╛рд╡рд╕ рд╡рд╛рдЯрд▓.
рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдорд▓рд╛ рдИрдереЗ рдЦреБрдк рд╕реБрдиреАрд▓ рднреЗрдЯрддрд╛рдд.

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Working with Japanese people – Part 2

11)   When going for a meeting, strictly adhere to timelines. You are expected to have taken a prior appointment. An agenda of meeting should be decided mutually beforehand. Required documents should have been shared. Concerned people should have been informed beforehand. There should be no room for surprises, chaos or mismanagement.

Statistical data if any should be kept handy. Wherever possible, create/share data in visual format (diagrams, graphs, pictures) which is easier to understand.

Mention the contents in emails or document in Bullet-points rather than writing an essay-like text.

12)   Always remember HouRenSou (Houkoku: Reporting, Renraku: Communicating, Soudan: Consulting)

13)   As mentioned in my earlier blog, the Japanese people do not like going тАШpaperlessтАЩ. You can see them carrying bunch of printouts for meeting. If you are hosting the meeting, you may be expected to carry important documents printed out in number enough for all participants.

14)   Anticipate the things in advance. If you see any problems/issues, bring them to notice of your Japanese counterpart. The Japanese don’t like surprises in work.

15)   The Japanese appreciate innovations. However, they may be slow in implementing changes.

16)┬а┬а┬аCheck your understanding by asking questions. Many a times, the Japanese do not clearly state тАЬYesтАЭ or тАЬNoтАЭ. But, you may ask questions/ ask to repeat certain point and confirm that your understanding is correct. Politely apologize for asking repeatedly.

17)   Environment at work places or offices is formal. Informal talks / personal talks or chit-chatting / talking personal matters on phone is not done in offices.

For informal talks with colleagues/customers, there is a custom of after-work socialization (Nomikaiщг▓уБ┐ф╝Ъ-drinking party). This is not just for relaxing or entertainment, but important from business point of view as one can actually get to know the counterpart through such informal meetings. Even if you donтАЩt drink, it is important that you participate in such meets.

18)   Directly coming to point of business right at the beginning of the informal meeting, or pin-pointing might sound stern. Initial warm-up talk like casual conversation should always be there. It helps in building relationship.

Don’t be surprised if you are asked personal questions (about your family, spouse, your age etc.) especially by older Japanese people.

19)   If you are invited for a lunch or dinner meeting or a get-together, be prepared to pay your contribution of bill, in most of the situations.

20)   Clean and neat appearance is important. Many Japanese people tend to judge a person by his/her appearance and dressing. Dressing formally is a part of Japanese Work Culture. Especially when meeting customers, wearing business suit is a must.

21)   Avoid sharp eye contact.

22)   If you speak English, speak slowly and without any specific accent. Slow and clear talk always enhances understanding of the Japanese counterpart.

Thus, this тАШLand of Rising SunтАЩ is definitely a likable place to work at, with warm people having a very high standard of living, highly developed country with all advanced technologies тАж everything one might want!

So, letтАЩs go EAST┬аЁЯШГтАж

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Working with Japanese people

In last few years, I got many opportunities to interact with the Japanese people, in Japan as well as in India. Working with the Japanese people never gave me тАЬcultural shockтАЭ, but rather gave a feeling of тАЬfamiliarityтАЭ as compared to westerners, may be because the Japanese and the Indians are all part of the same тАЬAsianтАЭ or тАЬEasternтАЭ culture. Definitely, there are some things to be understood, experienced and kept in mind, which will make you more comfortable while working with the Japanese.

1)      Developing and nurturing good and long relationships is always like having a тАШgood credit historyтАЩ. It can open many doors for you. Building trust may take time. Once you build trust, you can expect and enjoy long-term healthy relationships with the Japanese. However, one should not breach the trust.

2)      Working as a group/team is expected rather than showing your individuality.

3)      Generally, the Japanese do not take decision alone-even the persons on managerial posts. Several people are involved in decision-making, hence such process might be slow.

4)      Learning/showing desire to learn from seniors is expected/appreciated.

5)      The Japanese people follow hierarchy at work. Seniors are highly respected by juniors.

Hierarchy is taken into consideration while allotting seats in meeting room. Person with higher ranks sit on the side of screen/projector/board, and those with lower ranks generally sit on side closer to door.

6)      There is an exchange of business cards in first meeting. Treating othersтАЩ business cards with respect is important. Cards should be handled with both hands and gently. Avoid writing on cards or throwing them casually in your bag etc. as this shows disrespect.

7)      You should show enthusiasm on your face towards work. Showing unwillingness/tiredness towards work or any kind of negative emotions on your face or even in your voice is not accepted.

8)      Many Japanese are introvert by nature. So, if you are new and need help, go and ask for it. Once asked, many a times they go out-of-the-way to help you.

9)      Be ready to do various kinds of tasks – not only whatever is instructed to you, but the related tasks too. General Indian tendency is doing only whatever is told. But this approach may not work in Japan. You need to take interest in overall work, apart from your own task.

A person with multi-dimensional skills is more appreciated. In business meetings, a Japanese counterpart may ask your opinion about something that is not related to your work. If he gets some insight or really good opinion from you, he will be happy and start looking to you as a useful person. Hence, being versatile and equipped with latest knowledge is an advantage.

10) At the same time, do not show-off your skills/knowledge unnecessarily. Be modest (donтАЩt be overconfident) when expressing your opinion. Self-praise or self-promotion should be avoided…. Continue

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Interpretation

In language career Interpretation (щАЪши│) is always more challenging than translation (ч┐╗ши│). Interpretation is verbal and translation is in writing. In my earlier blog, I explained about translation techniques, challenges etc. Now letтАЩs understand what Interpretation mean and qualities required?

Interpretation is more challenging than translation because in case of translation you have source language document in writing and you can refer dictionary, have time to think on the document etc.; whereas in case of interpretation it is face to face on table. There is no time to refer dictionary and think on much. Interpretation is an act of explaining to a person who doesnтАЩt understand source language.

Following qualities are required for interpretation:

1)      Be a good listener

Simultaneous interpretation is one type of interpretation. It means interpret what is said in real time while the speaker is still speaking. Interpreter needs to listen with full concentration. I have experienced English ├а Japanese simultaneous interpretation many times in my previous organization. ItтАЩs quite stressful type of interpretation. It is generally preferred in large scale meetings and important thing is pause in conversation is not allowed. Though it is stressful I have gained amazing experiences in this type.

Consecutive interpretation is another type which is comparatively easier.

2)      Vast vocabulary of source language and target language as well as domain knowledge;

Generally knowing meaning of words in other language does not suffice. One should be aware of the mechanism, function etc.; it really helps while interpreting in other language.

Due to environmental norms getting stringent product A of my previous organization was in verge of getting change to product B. We interpreters had knowledge of product A as it was manufactured for few years, but while changing to product B, that knowledge was not with us. I remember one incident, once R&D engineers from Japan had visited us for training our Engineers on product B. But the technology was new for all of us, we interpreters also had limited vocabulary (frankly speaking Japanese to English dictionary words we had by hearted which did not fully work). That was a hurdle in interpretation and I was not able to convey exact mechanism of product explained by Japanese to Indian Engineers. Seniors were aware about this and end result, management decided to send 1 interpreter along with Engineers to Japan for getting trained on product B. I traveled to Japan for 2 weeks, had hard training and after returning had to percolate information gained to other interpreters on new product.

3)      Cope with stress and self-control;

Example of stress and self-control, in my previous organization once a meeting started at 4:45pm (being manufacturing company our office hours were 8:00am to 5:00pm fix). As I was heading interpreter department I was immediately called in meeting room. I was aware about the seriousness of the topic for which meeting was called. Quickly I called my mom and told her тАЬрдЖрдИ рдЖрдЬ 7:30рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╢реАрдлреНрдЯрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдмрд╕рдиреА рдпреЗрддреЗ, рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдЖрддрд╛ рдПрдХ рдорд┐рдЯреАрдВрдЧ рд╕реБрд░реВ рд╣реЛрддреА рдЖрд╣реЗ LтАЭ. The supposedly short meeting lasted till 10:15pm. As an Interpreter you have to be continuously on toes in such type of meetings, have patience, and be attentiveтАж no snacks in between, no natural call break тАж havoc

After meeting my Director said, тАЬso Amruta, looking tired…тАЭ

I just asked him тАЬрд╕рд░ рдореА рдШрд░реА рдлреЛрди рдХрд░реВрди рдЖрдИ -рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рдВрд╢реА рдорд░рд╛рдареАрдд рдмреЛрд▓реВ рдХрд╛?тАЭ. He laughed loud and permitted meтАж. Husssh. But end result, I got to travel to Sri Lanka for 10 days along with technical team (Japanese and Indian). In Sri Lanka we had hired Sri Lankan language (Sinhala) interpreter. He was interpreting Sinhala  ├а English and I was interpreting English ├а Japanese and vice versa. Though the meetings were lasting for hours for single topic, it was good learning experience for me too. The same experience I gained in Italy (Italian ├а English ├а Japanese).

In my previous organization I have experienced such meeting many times.

4)      Cultural awareness

<<I will give example of this in blog тАЬMy ExperiencesтАЭ>>

An Interpreter bridges the gap between two people speaking different language. The role of Interpreter is to convey information accurately from one language to another. While doing so, he/she should be as a neutral party, not add his/her personal or emotional feelings, not omit key words or summarize the message, should be aware of professional and ethical responsibilities. The role of the interpreter is to not only convey the words between the participants in the communication process, but also need to make sure that the goal of the topic is clear and that all-important aspects are properly conveyed and understood. Hence, Interpreters play a very vital role. Due to globalization, interpreters and translators are in high demand now┬аЁЯШГ.

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рд╕реАрдорд╛рдХрд╛рдХреВ

рдкреВрд░реНрд╡рд╛рд╢реНрд░рдореАрдЪреА рддреА рд▓реАрдирд╛ рдмреЛрдВрдЯрдбрдХрд░рд╛рдВрдЪреА рдЭрд╛рд▓реА рддреА рд╕реАрдорд╛(рдХрд╛рдХреВ);

рдЖрдореНрд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╢рд┐рдХрд╡рд▓реЗ рддрд┐рдиреЗ рдХрд╕рд╛ рдХрд░рд╛рд╡рд╛ рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпреЗрдХ рдХрдареАрдг рдкреНрд░рд╕рдВрдЧрд╛рдЪрд╛ рдЦреАрдорд╛,

рддреАрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЖрдЧрдордирд╛рдиреЗ рдкрд│реВрди рдЧреЗрд▓рд╛ рд╕реБрд╣рд╛рд╕рдХрд╛рдХрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдХреБрдВрдбрд▓реАрддрд▓рд╛ рдордВрдЧрд│;

рд╕реБрд╣рд╛рд╕рдХрд╛рдХрд╛ рдЖрдгрд┐ рддреА рдЕрд╕рд▓реЗ рдХреА рдЕрд╕рддреЗ рдЖрдореНрд╣рд╛ рдореБрд▓рд╛рдВрдЪреА рдЦрд╛рдпрдЪреА рдЪрдВрдЧрд│,

рддрд┐рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдкреЛрдЯрд┐ рдЬрдиреНрдорд╛рд▓рд╛ рдЖрд▓рдВ рдЬреЗрдВрд╡реНрд╣рд╛ рдкреНрд░рдгрд╡ рд░реВрдкреА рдПрдХ рдЧреЛрдВрдбрд╕ рдмрд╛рд│;

рддреЗрдВрд╡реНрд╣рд╛рдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рд╕реБрд░реВ рдЭрд╛рд▓рд╛ рддреАрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рднрд░рднрд░рд╛рдЯреАрдЪрд╛ рд╕реБрд╡рд░реНрдг рдХрд╛рд│,

рд▓рд╣рд╛рдирдкрдгрд╛рдкрд╛рд╕реВрдирдЪ рддреАрдиреЗ рджрд┐рд▓реЗ рдкреНрд░рдгрд╡рд▓рд╛ рд╢рд┐рд╕реНрддреАрдЪреЗ рдзрдбреЗ;

рдЪрд╛рдиреНрд╕ рдорд┐рд│рд╛рд▓рд╛ рддрд░ рдирдХреНрдХреА рдЦрд╛рдКрди рдмрдШрд╛ рддреАрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╣рд╛рддрдЪреЗ рдЧрд░рдорд╛рдЧрд░рдо рдкрддреНрд░рд╡рдбреЗ,

рддреАрд▓рд╛ рд╡рд╛рдЯрддрдВ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рдЪ рд░реНрдореБрд▓реАрдВрдиреА рд╡реНрд╣рд╛рд╡рдВ рдкреНрд░рдгрд╡ рд╡рд░ рдлрд┐рджрд╛;

рдореНрд╣рдгреВрди рдХреЗрд▓рд╛ рдЪреАрдЬ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдмрдЯрд░рд▓рд╛ рддреНрдпрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рддреВрди рдЕрд▓рд╡реАрджрд╛,

рдорд▓рд╛ рдореНрд╣рдгрддреЗ рдЦреВрдк рдпрд╢ рдорд┐рд│рд╡ рдЖрдпреБрд╖реНрдпрд╛рдд рдорд╛рдЭреНрдпрд╛ рдмрд╛рд│рд╛;

рд╕рд▓реНрд▓рд╛ рдЕрд╕рддреЛ рддреАрдЪрд╛ рд╕рджреИрд╡ рджрд╛рд░реВ рдЖрдгрд┐ рд╕рд┐рдЧрд░реЗрдЯрдЪрд╛ рдореЛрд╣ рдЯрд╛рд│рд╛, 

рдкреНрд░рдгрд╡рд▓рд╛ рддреА рд▓рд╛рдбреАрдЧреЛрдбреАрдиреЗ рдореНрд╣рдгрддреЗ рдЕрдкреНрдкреВ;

рд▓рд╣рд╛рдирдкрдгрд╛рдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рддреАрд▓рд╛ рдЬрд╡рд│рдЪреЗ рд╡рд╛рдЯрддрд╛рдд рдореБрдиреНрдирд╛ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдкрдкреНрдкреВ,

рдЖрд╣реЗ рддрд┐рдЪрд╛ рдЧреЛрдВрджрд╡рд▓реЗрдХрд░ рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛рдВрд╡рд░ рдЦреВрдкрдЪ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╛рд╕;

рддрд│рдорд│рддреЛ рддреАрдЪрд╛ рдЬреАрд╡ рдЬрд░ рдкреНрд░рдгрд╡рдиреЗ рдЦрд╛рд▓реНрд▓рд╛ рдирд╕реЗрд▓ рдЕрдиреНрдирд╛рдЪрд╛ рдПрдХ рдШрд╛рд╕, 

рдЕрд╢реНрд╡рд┐рдиреАрд▓рд╛ рд╕рд╛рд╕реБрдмрд╛рдИрдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд░реВрдкрд╛рдд рдорд┐рд│рд╛рд▓реА рдЕрдЬреВрди рдПрдХ рдЖрдИ;

рд╕реАрдорд╛рдХрд╛рдХреВ рдирдХреНрдХреАрдЪ рд╕рд╛рдВрдЧреЗрд▓ рдкреНрд░рдгрд╡рд▓рд╛ рдирдХреЛ рдХрд░реВрд╕ рек/рел рдирд╛рддрд╡рдВрдбрд╛рдВрдЪреА рдШрд╛рдИ,

рдЕрд╢реНрд╡рд┐рдиреАрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд░реВрдкрд╛рдд рддреАрд▓рд╛ рдорд┐рд│рд╛рд▓реА рдПрдХ рд╕рджрдЧреБрдгреА рд╕реВрди;

рдХреНрд╖рдгреЛрдХреНрд╖рдгреА рдкреНрд░рдгрд╡рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдкрд╛рдареАрд╢реА рдЙрднреА рд░рд╣реАрд▓ рдЕрд╕реЛ рд╕рди рдЕрдерд╡рд╛ рдореВрди,

рддреАрдЪрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпрддреНрди рдЕрд╕рддреЛ рдирд╛рддреНрдпрд╛рддрд▓реЗ рдмрдВрдз рд░рд╣рд╛рд╡реЗрдд рдиреЗрд╣рдореАрдЪ рдШрдЯреНрдЯ;

рд▓рд╡рдХрд░рдЪ рд╕реБрд░реВ рдХрд░реЗрд▓ рддреА рдкреНрд░рдгрд╡ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдЕрд╢реНрд╡рд┐рдиреАрдХрдбреЗ рдирд╛рддрд╡рдВрдбрд╛рдВрдЪрд╛ рд╣рдЯреНрдЯ!!!

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General Topic

Translation

For last few years, I am working as a Japanese translator. Frankly speaking, word to word translation is an imperfect concept, because a given word in a given language often carries more than one meaning; and because a similar given meaning may often be represented in a given language by more than one word. With Globalization, demand of business documentation is increasing, due to which generally documents are maintained in multiple languages such as English language and national language. Hence translation plays a vital role.

The literal meaning of Translation means, communication from the source language text converting with effective meaning into target language text. It is the process of translating words or text from one language into another language.

Though translation is an art, it is not easy at all. For a translation to be true or to convey appropriate meaning the translator must know both languages. And knowledge related to the documents domain is always an additional advantage. The translatorтАЩs role is as a bridge for “carrying across” values between cultures and by no means is an inactive and mechanical one. The features of competent translators are as follows;

1)    A very good knowledge of the source language, written and spoken.

2)    An excellent command on the language into which he / she is expected to translate (target language)

3)    Familiarity with the subject matter of the text being translated.

4)    Sense of when to тАЬtranslate literallyтАЭ and when to тАЬparaphraseтАЭ, so as to assure true translation between the source and target language.

5)    A competent translator must not only be bilingual but also bicultural.

Challenges faced while translating Japanese to English or vice versa;

The script of Asian languages such as Japanese, Chinese etc. is different from the Western languages. Japanese is written in combination of three scripts: Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji (originated from Chinese characters). The Japanese Ministry of Education designated 1,945 characters as тАЬJooyou KanjiтАЭ (х╕╕чФиц╝вхнЧ), which is the most frequently, used characters. Similar phonetic words indicate different meaning with different kanjiтАЩs. While translating from source language to target language which is Japanese or vice versa, translator should know the appropriate usage and meaning of kanji.

Though Japanese are much a head in technology, they do not prefer going тАШpaperlessтАЩJ. You can see them carrying bunch of printouts for meeting. These printouts are often in two languages: Japanese (for Japanese counterpart) as well as English (for non-Japanese counterpart). Hence there is need to match meaning in whichever language.

There is a concept called as тАЬback translation or retranslateтАЭ. A “back-translation” is a translation of a translated text back into the language of the original text, made without reference to the original text. Comparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used to validate the accuracy of the translation. Generally in the context of machine translation, a back-translation is also called a “round-trip translation.”

Normally a Japanese person even though he can speak and understand English prefers all documents to be in Japanese. Hence there is great demand for Japanese bilingual translators ЁЯШДтАжтАж

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рдлреМрджрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдирд┐рдорд┐рддреНрддрд╛рдиреЗ

‘рдлреМрджрд╛’ рдиреЗрдЯрдлреНрд▓рд┐рдХреНрд╕ рдорд╛рд▓рд┐рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рд╣рд┐рд▓реА.

рд░рд╛рдЬрдХреАрдп рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрд╛рд╡рд░реАрд▓ рдЕрднреНрдпрд╛рд╕рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдЖрдгрд┐ рддрд░реАрд╕реБрджреНрдзрд╛ рд░рдВрдЬрдХ рдЕрд╢реА рдорд╛рд▓рд┐рдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рдврддрд╛ рдпреЗрдК рд╢рдХрддреЗ рдпрд╛рдЪрдВ рдЙрддреНрддрдо рдЙрджрд╛рд╣рд░рдг рдореНрд╣рдгрдЬреЗ рдлреМрджрд╛ рд╣реА рдорд╛рд▓рд┐рдХрд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗ.

рдкреЕрд▓реЗрд╕реНрдЯрд╛рдИрди рд╕рд╛рд░рдЦрд╛ рд╕рдВрд╡реЗрджрдирд╢реАрд▓ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рд╣рд╛рддрд╛рд│рд▓рд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рдорд╛рд▓рд┐рдХрд╛ рдЧрддрд┐рдорд╛рди рдЖрд╣реЗ рд╕реБрдВрджрд░ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛, рдЕрднрд┐рдирдп рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд╛рд░реНрдерд╛рдиреЗ рдЕрдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдо рдЖрд╣реЗрдЪ.

рдкрдг рдорд▓рд╛ рдЬрд╛рдгрд╡рд▓реЗрд▓реА рдорд╣рддреНрддреНрд╡рд╛рдЪреА рдЧреЛрд╖реНрдЯ рдореНрд╣рдгрдЬреЗ рддреНрдпрд╛рдЧрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рдЕрд╕рд▓реЗрд▓реА рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛  рдореНрд╣рдгрдЬреЗ рд╣реМрджрд╛.

рдкреЕрд▓реЗрд╕реНрдЯрд╛рдИрди рд╡ рдЬреНрдпреВ рдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛  рдордзреНрдпреЗ рдХрд╛рдп рдлрд░рдХ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рдЕрд╕рд╛ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреЗрд▓рд╛ рддрд░ ‘рдПрдХ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рдВрдХрд▓реНрдкрдирд╛’рдПрд╡рдврд╛ рдПрдХрдЪ рдлрд░рдХ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рдЕрд╕реЗ рдЬрд╛рдгрд╡рд▓реЗ.

рдореЛрд╕рд╛рдж рд╡ рдкреЕрд▓реЗрд╕реНрдЯрд╛рдЗрди рдореБрд╕реНрд▓рд┐рдо рд╣реЗ рд╕реБрдбрд╛рдЪрд╛рдЪ рдЦреЗрд│ рдЦреЗрд│рдд рд╣реЛрддреЗ рдкрдг рдПрдХрд╛рдЪ рдпрд╛рдорд╛рдЧреЗ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЕрдкрдордирд╛рдЪрд╛ рд╕реВрдб рддрд░ рджреБрд╕рд░реАрдХрдбреЗ рдорд╛рддреНрд░ рд╡реИрдпрдХреНрддрд┐рдХ рд╕реВрдб. рдкрд░реАрдгрд╛рдо рдЗрд╕реНрддреНрд░рд╛рдпрд▓рдЪрд╛ рдЬрдп.

рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рднрд╛рд╡рдиреЗрдЪреЗ рджрд░реНрд╢рди, рдЯреЗрдХреНрдиреЙрд▓реЙрдЬреА рдЪреА рддрд╛рдХрдж рдпрд╛рдЪреЗ рднрд╡реНрдп рджрд░реНрд╢рди рддрд░ рдЖрд╣реЗрдЪ рдкрдг рддреНрдпрд╛рдЪ рдмрд░реЛрдмрд░ рд╡реИрдпрдХреНрддрд┐рдХ рд╕реВрдбрд╛рддреВрди рдпреЗрдгрд╛рд░реЗ рдЦреЛрдХрд▓реЗрдкрдг, рдПрдХрдЯреЗрдкрдг рдЖрдгрд┐ рдкрд░рдХреЗрдкрдг рдЗрддрдХреА рдЕрдЪреВрдХ рдкрдгреЗ рдЯреАрдкрд▓реА рдЖрд╣реЗ рдХрд┐ рддреА рдПрдХ рд╕реВрдбрдХрдерд╛ рди рд░рд╛рд╣рддрд╛ рдЕрддрд┐рд╢рдп рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдпрдХрд╛рд░реА рднрд╛рд╡рдХрдерд╛  рдмрдирд▓реА рдЖрд╣реЗ.

рдирд┐рд╖реНрдкрд╛рдк рдЬреАрд╡рд╛рдВрдЪреА рдлрд░рдлрдЯ рдЗрддрдХреНрдпрд╛ рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдпрдХрд╛рд░реА рдкрджреНрдзрддреАрдиреЗ рд╕рд╛рдХрд╛рд░рд▓реА рдЖрд╣реЗ рдХреА рдорди рд╕реБрдиреНрди рд╣реЛрдКрди рдЬрд╛рддреЗ.

рдЗрд╕реНрд▓рд╛рдордЪреА рдХреГрд░рддрд╛ рд╡ рдЬреНрдпреВ рд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрдЪреА рдирд┐рдбрд░рддрд╛ рдЬреНрдпрд╛ рд╕реБрдВрджрд░ рдкрджреНрдзрддреАрдиреЗ рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рд┐рдд рдХреЗрд▓реА рдЧреЗрд▓реА рдЖрд╣реЗ рдХреА рддреЛ рдкреНрд░рдЪрд╛рд░ рди рд╡рд╛рдЯрддрд╛, рд╕реБрдВрджрд░ рдЕрд╕рдВ рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдЬреАрд╡рдирд╛рдЪреЗ рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рдг рдЭрд╛рд▓рдВ рдЖрд╣реЗ.

рдХрдерд╛ рдЗрддрдХреА рд╡рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╡рд╡рд╛рджреА рддрдпрд╛рд░ рдХреЗрд▓реА рдЖрд╣реЗ рдХреА рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рдЗрддрд┐рд╣рд╛рд╕рдЪ рдЖрдкрдг рдмрдШрддреЛ рдЖрд╣реЛрдд рдЕрд╕рд╛ рднрд╛рд╕ рд╣реЛрддреЛ.

рд░рд╛рдЬрдХреАрдп рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрд╛рд╡рд░ рд╕рдЦреЛрд▓ рдЪрд┐рдВрддрди рдкрд╛рд╣рд┐рдЪреЗ рдЕрд╕реЗрд▓ рддреНрдпрд╛рдВрдиреА рдлреМрджрд╛ рдЙрд░реНрдл рджрдВрдЧрд▓ рд╣реА рдорд╛рд▓рд┐рдХрд╛ рдЬрд░реВрд░ рдкрд╛рд╣рд┐рд▓реА рдкрд╛рд╣рд┐рдЬреЗ. рдорд╛рдЭреНрдпрд╛ рдХрдбреВрди рджрд╣рд╛ рдкреИрдХреА рджрд╣рд╛ рдЧреБрдг.

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рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдг рдЖрдгрд┐ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА

рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдг рдЖрдгрд┐ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА

рддреБрдордЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддреА рдЖрдгрд┐ рд╡рд▓реНрд▓реА рдордзрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдпрд╛ рд╕рдЧрд│реНрдпрд╛ рд╡рд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдПрдХрддреНрд░ рдХреЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рддрд░реА рдЖрдордЪрд╛ рдПрдХ рд░рд╛рд╣реБрд▓ рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рдЪ рддреНрдпрд╛рдВрдирд╛ рдкреБрд░реЗрд╕рд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рддреБрдордЪреНрдпрд╛рдХрдбреЗ рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХ рдкреИрд╕реЗ рджреЗрдКрди рд╡рд┐рдХрдд рдШреНрдпрд╛рд╡рдВ рд▓рд╛рдЧрддрдВ рддрд░ рдЖрдордЪреНрдпрд╛рдХрдбреЗ рд╕рд░реНрд╡ рдХрд░рдордгреВрдХ рдлреБрдХрдЯ рдЖрд╣реЗ.
рдЖрд░ рдХреЗ рд▓рдХреНрд╖реНрдордг рдореНрд╣рдгреВ рдирдХрд╛, рд╡рд╕рдВрдд рд╕рдмрдиреАрд╕ рдореНрд╣рдгреВрди рдирдХрд╛, рдЪрд╛рдЪрд╛ рдЪреМрдзрд░реА рдЕрд╕реБрджреЗ, рдкрдг рдЬрд░ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдг рдирд╕рдд рдХрд┐рдВрд╡рд╛ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА рдирд╕рддреЗ рддрд░ рдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╡реНрдпрдВрдЧрдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рд╛рд╡рд░ рдХреБрдгреАрддрд░реА рд╣рд╕рд▓рдВ рдЕрд╕рддрдВ рдХрд╛? рдЬрдЧрднрд░ рдкрд╕рд░рд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдпрд╛ рд╕рд░реНрд╡ рд╡реНрдпрдВрдЧрдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдкреЛрдЯрд╛рдкрд╛рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪрд╛ рдмрдВрджреЛрдмрд╕реНрдд рдХреЛрдг рдХрд░рддреЛ? рд╣реЗрдЪ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╡ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА рдирд╛? рдХреЛрдгрддрд╣реА рд╣рд╛рд╕реНрдп рдХрд╡рд┐ рд╕рдореНрдореЗрд▓рди рд╣реЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╡ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА рдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛рд╢рд┐рд╡рд╛рдп рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд╣реЛрдК рд╢рдХреЗрд▓ рдХрд╛?
рдлрдХреНрдд рд╡рд┐рдиреЛрджреА рдирд╛рд╣реА, рддрд░ рдЬрдЧрднрд░рд╛рддреАрд▓ рдХрд▓рд╛, рд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рддреНрдп рд╡ рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХреГрддреА рд╣реА рдЬрд┐рд╡рдВрдд рдЖрд╣реЗ, рддреА рдкреНрд░рд╛рдореБрдЦреНрдпрд╛рдиреЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╡ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА рд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрдореБрд│реЗ.
рдкрдг рддреНрдпрд╛рдВрдЪ рдорд╣рд╛рдирдкрдг рдмрдШрд╛ рдХрдзреА рдШреЗрддрд╛рдд рддреЗ рдпрд╛ рд╕рдореГрдзреНрдж рд╡рд╛рд░рд╢рд╛рдЪреЗ рд╢реНрд░реЗрдп? рдирд╛рд╣реА рдХрдзреАрдЪ рдирд╛рд╣реА
рдпрд╛ рдЙрд▓рдЯ рдорд░рд╛рдареА рд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рддреНрдп рд╕рд╛рд░рд╕реНрд╡рддрд╛рдВрдордзреАрд▓ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдЧрд╛рдореА рджреБрд░реНрдЧрд╛ рднрд╛рдЧрд╡рдд рдпрд╛ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреНрдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рддреНрдпрд╛рддреВрди рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА рдЪрд▓реЗрдЬрд╛рд╡ рдЕрд╕рд╛ рд▓рдврд╛ рдЙрднрд╛ рдХрд░рддрд╛рдд, рддрд░реА рдмрд┐рдЪрд╛рд░реЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА рд╣реВрдВ рдХреА рдЪреВрдВ рдХрд░рдд рдирд╛рд╣реАрдд рд╡ рд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рддреНрдпрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдорд╕рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдкреБрд░рд╡рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪреЗ рдЖрдкрд▓реЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдирд┐рддреНрдпрдирд┐рдпрдорд╛рдиреЗ рд╕рд┐рджреНрдз рдХрд░рдд рдЕрд╕рддрд╛рдд.
рджреЛрди рдорд┐рдирд┐рдЯреЗ рдЕрд╕рдВрдмрджреНрдз рдмреЛрд▓рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪреА рд╕реНрдкрд░реНрдзрд╛ рдШреЗрддрд▓реА рддрд░ рд╣реНрдпрд╛ рднрд▓реНрдпрд╛рднрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рддреНрдпрд┐рдХ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдгреНрдпрд╛рдВрдЪреА рдлреЗрдлреЗ рдЙрдбреЗрд▓ рдкрдг рдЖрдордЪреЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА рддрд╛рд╕рдВрддрд╛рд╕ рдЕрд╕рдВрдмрджреНрдз рдмреЛрд▓реВрди рдЬрдирддреЗрдЪреА рдХрд░рдордгреВрдХ рдХрд░рдд рдЕрд╕рддрд╛рдд. рд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рддреНрдпрд┐рдХ рдПрдХ рддрд╛рд╕рднрд░ рднрд╛рд╖рдгрд╛рдЪреЗ рд╣рдЬрд╛рд░реЛ рд░реБрдкрдпреЗ рдШреЗрддрд╛рдд рдЖрдгрд┐ рдЖрдордЪреЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА рд╣реА рдХрд░рдордгреВрдХ рдореЛрдлрдд рдХрд░рддрд╛рдд.
рдорд┐рд│рдорд┐рд│реАрдд рдЬрд╛рджреВрдЪреЗ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдкрд╛рд╣рдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рдЖрдореНрд╣реА рджреЛрди рджреЛрдирд╢реЗ рд░реБрдкрдпрд╛рдЪреА рддрд┐рдХреАрдЯ рдХрд╛рдвреВрди рдерд┐рдПрдЯрд░ рдордзреНрдпреЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЛ рдкрдг рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА рдХрд╕рд▓реЗ рдЬрдмрд░рджрд╕реНрдд рдЬрд╛рджреВрдЪреЗ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдореЛрдлрдд рдХрд░реВрди рджрд╛рдЦрд╡рддрд╛рдд. рдЦрд│рдЦрд│рдд рд╡рд╛рд╣рдгрд╛рд▒реНрдпрд╛ рдирджреАрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдЧреА рддрд╛рдЬрдорд╣рд╛рд▓ рдЙрднрд╛рд░рддреЛ рддрд░ рдореБрд▓рд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЦреЗрд│рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдЧреЗрд╡рд░ рдЪрдХрдЪрдХреАрдд рдореЙрд▓ рдкрд╛рд╣рддрд╛ рдпреЗрддреЛ, рдкрдг рдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рджреВрдЪреЗ рдирд╛ рдХреМрддреБрдХ рдирд╛ рд╢рд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рдХреА.
рдореНрд╣рдгреВрди рдореА рдореНрд╣рдгрддреЛ рдЖрдкрдг рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдг рдЖрдгрд┐ рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрд╛рд░рдгреА рдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░ рдЯреАрдХрд╛ рди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рддреНрдпрд╛рдВрдЪрдВ рдХреМрддреБрдХ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдЕрднрд┐рдирдВрджрди рдХрд░реВрдпрд╛. рдпрд╛ рдЕрддрд┐рд╢рдп рджреБрдГрдЦрдордп рдЬрдЧрд╛рдордзреНрдпреЗ рдЖрдирдВрджрд╛рдЪреЗ рдЪрд╛рд░ рд╢рд┐рдВрддреЛрдбреЗ рдЙрдбрд╡рд┐рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪреЗ,рдХрд░рдордгреВрдХ рдХрд░рдгрд╛рд░реЗ рд╣реЗрдЪ рддреЗ рдЦрд░реЗ рдХрд▓рд╛рдХрд╛рд░ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд.
рдХрд╛рдп рдкрдЯрддрдп рдирд╛?